[31] Satie's constant experiments in musical form were an inspiration to Ravel, who counted them "of inestimable value". 10–11, Nichols (2011), p. 35; and Orenstein (1991), p. 26, Nichols, pp. Maurice Papon est nommé chef de cabinet du secrétaire d'État à l'Intérieur Jean Biondi le 26 janvier 1946. [8], Both Ravel's parents were Roman Catholics; Marie was also something of a free-thinker, a trait inherited by her elder son. The themes are altogether impersonal. Among his works to enter the repertoire are pieces for piano, chamber music, two piano concertos, ballet music, two operas and eight song cycles; he wrote no symphonies or church music. He wrote no symphonies or church works. He thought a tumour unlikely, and expected to find ventricular dilatation that surgery might prevent from progressing. [95] New York audiences heard the work in the same year. "[157] Ravel, not proficient enough to perform the work with only his left hand, demonstrated it with both hands. Born to a music-loving family, Ravel attended France's premier music college, the Paris Conservatoire; he was not well regarded by its conservative establishment, whose biased treatment of him caused a scandal. [136], After two months of planning, Ravel made a four-month tour of North America in 1928, playing and conducting. Watch on YouTube. [73] He was in general a slow and painstaking worker, and reworking his earlier piano compositions enabled him to increase the number of pieces published and performed. [17] As Ravel's course progressed, Fauré reported "a distinct gain in maturity ... engaging wealth of imagination". [22] Aged fourteen, he took part in a concert at the Salle Érard along with other pupils of Decombes, including Reynaldo Hahn and Alfred Cortot. [235] A 1932 recording of the G major Piano Concerto was advertised as "Conducted by the composer",[236] although he had in fact supervised the sessions while a more proficient conductor took the baton. Ravel was touched by this spontaneous gesture and observed, "You know, this doesn't happen to me in Paris. "You're like a matador in a bull ring. [19] The two shared an appreciation of Wagner, Russian music, and the writings of Poe, Baudelaire and Mallarmé. [136], In the post-war era there was a reaction against the large-scale music of composers such as Gustav Mahler and Richard Strauss. [35] He wrote some substantial works while studying with Fauré, including the overture Shéhérazade and a violin sonata, but he won no prizes, and therefore was expelled again in 1900. Jazz was popular in Parisian cafés, and French composers such as Darius Milhaud incorporated elements of it in their work. [36], In 1899 Ravel composed his first piece to become widely known, though it made little impact initially: Pavane pour une infante défunte ("Pavane for a dead princess"). [50] Prominent in the anti-Ravel camp was Lalo, who wrote, "Where M. Debussy is all sensitivity, M. Ravel is all insensitivity, borrowing without hesitation not only technique but the sensitivity of other people. [147] Ravel was unmoved by his new international celebrity. [177], Ravel placed high importance on melody, telling Vaughan Williams that there is "an implied melodic outline in all vital music". [55] Ravel took a benign view of Les Six, promoting their music, and defending it against journalistic attacks. 63–64; and Nichols (2011), p. 141. )[10] Maurice was particularly devoted to their mother; her Basque-Spanish heritage was a strong influence on his life and music. "[123][n 23] Despite this attack, Ravel continued to admire Satie's early music, and always acknowledged the older man's influence on his own development. [7] Some of Joseph's inventions were successful, including an early internal combustion engine and a notorious circus machine, the "Whirlwind of Death", an automotive loop-the-loop that was a major attraction until a fatal accident at Barnum and Bailey's Circus in 1903. Artwork page for ‘Henri Matisse’, André Derain, 1905 This work was made during a holiday at the fishing port of Collioure in the south of France in 1905, when Matisse and Derain painted portraits of each other. Beautiful patterns for hand embroidery and quilting. [202] He minutely studied the ability of each orchestral instrument to determine its potential, putting its individual colour and timbre to maximum use. [186], Ravel completed two operas, and worked on three others. Director: André Øvredal. "[153] The work was popularised by the conductor Arturo Toscanini,[154] and has been recorded several hundred times. [137] Stravinsky, whose Rite of Spring was written for a huge orchestra, began to work on a much smaller scale. Vaughan Williams, Rosenthal and Marguerite Long have all recorded that Ravel frequented brothels,[81] Long attributed this to his self-consciousness about his diminutive stature, and consequent lack of confidence with women. [17] The earliest is the String Quartet (1902–03), dedicated to Fauré, and showing the influence of Debussy's quartet of ten years earlier. There’s no denying that at its beginning, Troll Hunter seems like another Blair Witch Project knock-off. www.infodimanche.com est le plus important site immobilier pour consulter toutes les propriétés dans la grande région du KRTB. [127] Through the Société Musicale Indépendente, he was able to encourage them and composers from other countries. The first, to the orchestrated and expanded version of Ma mère l'Oye, opened at the Théâtre des Arts in January. [88] Ravel, together with several other former pupils of Fauré, set up a new, modernist organisation, the Société Musicale Indépendente, with Fauré as its president. [17], Ravel was not by inclination a teacher, but he gave lessons to a few young musicians he felt could benefit from them. [112] Some of Ravel's duties put him in mortal danger, driving munitions at night under heavy German bombardment. [76] He warned Rosenthal that it was impossible to learn from studying Debussy's music: "Only Debussy could have written it and made it sound like only Debussy can sound. [141] Ravel commented that he preferred jazz to grand opera,[142] and its influence is heard in his later music. Satie was known for turning against friends. Informations. Ravel, together with his close friend and confidante Misia Edwards and the opera star Lucienne Bréval, contributed to a modest regular income for the deserted Lilly Debussy, a fact that Nichols suggests may have rankled with her husband. [n 19] Ravel began work with Diaghilev's choreographer, Michel Fokine, and designer, Léon Bakst. Orchestral versions of the last by Mikhail Tushmalov, Sir Henry Wood and Leo Funtek predated Ravel's 1922 version, and many more have been made since, but Ravel's remains the best known. [210] The most popular of Ravel's orchestral works, Boléro (1928), was conceived several years before its completion; in 1924 he said that he was contemplating "a symphonic poem without a subject, where the whole interest will be in the rhythm". [196], A substantial proportion of Ravel's output was vocal. This was his largest-scale orchestral work, and took him immense trouble and several years to complete. [165] The exact nature of his illness is unknown. Disputes arose about the chronology of the composers' works and who influenced whom. [166] Before the accident he had begun work on music for a film, Don Quixote (1933), but he was unable to meet the production schedule, and Jacques Ibert wrote most of the score. … [193] The score presents an impression of simplicity, disguising intricate links between themes, with, in Murray's phrase, "extraordinary and bewitching sounds from the orchestra pit throughout". [57] Ravel wrote that Debussy's "genius was obviously one of great individuality, creating its own laws, constantly in evolution, expressing itself freely, yet always faithful to French tradition. [173] Though that total is small in comparison with the output of his major contemporaries,[n 31] it is nevertheless inflated by Ravel's frequent practice of writing works for piano and later rewriting them as independent pieces for orchestra. André Derain, (born June 10, 1880, Chatou, France—died September 8, 1954, Garches), French painter, sculptor, printmaker, and designer who was one of the principal Fauvists. 15, 16 and 28, Pasler, p. 403; Nichols (1977), p. 20; and Orenstein (1991), p. 28, Orledge, p. 65 (Dubois); and Donnellon, pp. National and regional consciousness was important to him, and although a planned concerto on Basque themes never materialised, his works include allusions to Hebraic, Greek, Hungarian and gypsy themes. The manuscript orchestral score is in Ravel's hand, but Lucien Garban and Manuel Rosenthal helped in transcription. [43] At twenty years of age he was, in the words of the biographer Burnett James, "self-possessed, a little aloof, intellectually biased, given to mild banter". [10] The household was not rich, but the family was comfortable, and the two boys had happy childhoods. The Times praised "the enchantment of the work ... the effect of mirage, by which something quite real seems to float on nothing". In 1904 Debussy left his wife and went to live with the singer Emma Bardac. [11], Ravel senior delighted in taking his sons to factories to see the latest mechanical devices, but he also had a keen interest in music and culture in general. [159] In January 1932 he premiered it in Vienna to instant acclaim, and performed it in Paris with Ravel conducting the following year. [207], In some of his scores from the 1920s, including Daphnis et Chloé, Ravel frequently divides his upper strings, having them play in six to eight parts while the woodwind are required to play with extreme agility. At the same time his peace of mind was undermined by his mother's failing health. [50] In 1902 André Messager conducted the premiere of Debussy's opera Pelléas et Mélisande at the Opéra-Comique. It was commissioned by the Austrian pianist Paul Wittgenstein, who had lost his right arm during the war. [64] In 1900 Ravel was eliminated in the first round; in 1901 he won the second prize for the competition. Ravel said that the violin and piano are "essentially incompatible" instruments, and that his Sonata reveals their incompatibility. In the cycles Shéhérazade and Chansons madécasses, Ravel gives vent to his taste for the exotic, even the sensual, in both the vocal line and the accompaniment. 70 (Vaughan Williams), 36 (Rosenthal) and 32 (Long), Whitesell, p. 78; and Nichols (2011), p. 350, Morrison, pp. He developed his early style in association with Maurice de Vlaminck, whom he met in 1900, and with Henri Matisse, who [216] The authors of The Record Guide consider that works such as Gaspard de la Nuit and Miroirs have a beauty and originality with a deeper inspiration "in the harmonic and melodic genius of Ravel himself". [54] Ravel thought that Debussy was indeed an impressionist but that he himself was not. [75] By other accounts, none of them first-hand, Ravel was in love with Misia Edwards,[71] or wanted to marry the violinist Hélène Jourdan-Morhange. [17] They survive only in fragmentary form. Together with these two painters, Derain was one of the major exponents of Fauvism from 1905 to 1908. It contains Basque, Baroque and far Eastern influences, and shows Ravel's growing technical skill, dealing with the difficulties of balancing the percussive piano with the sustained sound of the violin and cello, "blending the two disparate elements in a musical language that is unmistakably his own," in the words of the commentator Keith Anderson. [243] After his death in 1960, the estate passed through several hands. [233] Ravel was among the first composers who recognised the potential of recording to bring their music to a wider public,[n 34] and throughout the 1920s there was a steady stream of recordings of his works, some of which featured the composer as pianist or conductor. [39][n 8] Another critic, Pierre Lalo, thought that Ravel showed talent, but was too indebted to Debussy and should instead emulate Beethoven. [135] A ballet danced to the orchestral version of Le tombeau de Couperin was given at the Théâtre des Champs-Elysées in November 1920, and the premiere of La valse followed in December. [145] In May 1921 he took up residence at Le Belvédère, a small house on the fringe of Montfort-l'Amaury, 50 kilometres (31 mi) west of Paris, in the Yvelines département. [I've been] working up to 3 a.m. almost every night. [9] He was baptised in the Ciboure parish church six days after he was born. [151], The last composition Ravel completed in the 1920s, Boléro, became his most famous. [33] Ravel's standing at the Conservatoire was nevertheless undermined by the hostility of the Director, Théodore Dubois, who deplored the young man's musically and politically progressive outlook. Joseph Maurice Ravel[n 1] (7 March 1875 – 28 December 1937) was a French composer, pianist and conductor. [241], After Ravel's death, his brother and legatee, Edouard, turned the composer's house at Montfort-l'Amaury into a museum, leaving it substantially as Ravel had known it. Corrections? "[61] The public tension led to personal estrangement. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The suite celebrates the tradition of François Couperin, the 18th-century French composer; each movement is dedicated to a friend of Ravel's who died in the war. It is an ethereal piece in the vein of the Pavane pour une infante défunte. [213], Although Ravel wrote fewer than thirty works for the piano, they exemplify his range; Orenstein remarks that the composer keeps his personal touch "from the striking simplicity of Ma mère l'Oye to the transcendental virtuosity of Gaspard de la nuit". [128], Orenstein and Zank both comment that, although Ravel's post-war output was small, averaging only one composition a year, it included some of his finest works. [209] The critics Edward Sackville-West and Desmond Shawe-Taylor comment that in the slow movement, "one of the most beautiful tunes Ravel ever invented", the composer "can truly be said to join hands with Mozart". The lighter tone of the G major Piano Concerto follows the models of Mozart and Saint-Saëns, alongside use of jazz-like themes. He developed his early style in association with Maurice de Vlaminck, whom he met in 1900, and with Henri Matisse, who had been Derain’s fellow student at the Académie Carriere. [144] His other major works from the 1920s include the orchestral arrangement of Mussorgsky's piano suite Pictures at an Exhibition (1922), the opera L'enfant et les sortilèges[n 26] to a libretto by Colette (1926), Tzigane (1924) and the Violin Sonata (1927). While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. His other vocal music from that period shows Debussy's influence, in what Kelly describes as "a static, recitative-like vocal style", prominent piano parts and rhythmic flexibility. 1 - 100" on Discogs. [130] It was rejected by Diaghilev, who said, "It's a masterpiece, but it's not a ballet. [183] He wrote several short pieces paying tribute to composers he admired – Borodin, Chabrier, Fauré and Haydn, interpreting their characteristics in a Ravellian style. It divided musical opinion. [140] Other influences on him in this period were jazz and atonality. He collaborated with Stravinsky on a performing version of Mussorgsky's unfinished opera Khovanshchina, and his own works were the Trois poèmes de Mallarmé for soprano and chamber ensemble, and two short piano pieces, À la manière de Borodine and À la manière de Chabrier. Several theories have been put forward. His own health also deteriorated; he suffered from insomnia and digestive problems, underwent a bowel operation following amoebic dysentery in September 1916, and had frostbite in his feet the following winter. [94] The music rapidly entered the concert repertoire; it was played at the Queen's Hall, London, within weeks of the Paris premiere, and was repeated at the Proms later in the same year. Ravel produced an orchestral version eleven years later. The membership of the group was fluid, and at various times included Igor Stravinsky and Manuel de Falla as well as their French friends. [n 5] It was plain that as a pianist he would never match them, and his overriding ambition was to be a composer. Ravel was among the first composers to recognise the potential of recording to bring their music to a wider public. [127] Many of his works from the 1920s are noticeably sparer in texture than earlier pieces. "[219], Apart from a one-movement sonata for violin and piano dating from 1899, unpublished in the composer's lifetime, Ravel wrote seven chamber works. [12] In later life, Ravel recalled, "Throughout my childhood I was sensitive to music. [46] During the late 1890s and into the early years of the next century, Ravel was bearded in the fashion of the day; from his mid-thirties he was clean-shaven. Among his earliest memories were folk songs she sang to him. He was eliminated in the first round, which even critics unsympathetic to his music, including Lalo, denounced as unjustifiable. [165] As early as 1927 close friends had been concerned at Ravel's growing absent-mindedness, and within a year of the accident he started to experience symptoms suggesting aphasia. Opinions Covid-19 : Deux accords ratifiés par l’Assemblée nationale Publié le 02.12.2020 . [184] Another important influence was literary rather than musical: Ravel said that he learnt from Poe that "true art is a perfect balance between pure intellect and emotion",[185] with the corollary that a piece of music should be a perfectly balanced entity with no irrelevant material allowed to intrude. [14] Without being anything of a child prodigy, he was a highly musical boy. It's the portrait of a ballet. [23], With the encouragement of his parents, Ravel applied for entry to France's most important musical college, the Conservatoire de Paris. [111] Stravinsky expressed admiration for his friend's courage: "at his age and with his name he could have had an easier place, or done nothing". 11–12; and Nichols (2011), pp. Fill your life with handmade heirlooms. Ravel was born in the Basque town of Ciboure, France, near Biarritz, 18 kilometres (11 mi) from the Spanish border. [41], From the start of his career, Ravel appeared calmly indifferent to blame or praise. (He was close to his father, whom he eventually followed into the engineering profession. [191] Some find the characters artificial and the piece lacking in humanity. The same technique is highlighted in Trois poèmes de Mallarmé (1913); Debussy set two of the three poems at the same time as Ravel, and the former's word-setting is noticeably more formal than the latter's, in which syllables are often elided. As the musicologist Stephen Zank puts it, "Ravel's emotional equilibrium, so hard won in the previous decade, had been seriously compromised. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Orenstein (1991), p. 60; and "Return of the Russian Ballet", Orenstein (2003), p. 180; and Nichols (2011), p. 187, Kelly (2000), p. 9; Macdonald, p. 333; and Zank, p. 10, Orenstein (1967), p. 479; and Zank, p. 11, Orenstein (1991), p. 78; and Nichols (2011), p. 210, Orenstein (1991), p. 99; and Nichols (2011), pp. The public premiere was the scene of a near-riot, with factions of the audience for and against the work, but the music rapidly entered the repertory in the theatre and the concert hall. "[13] There is no record that Ravel received any formal general schooling in his early years; his biographer Roger Nichols suggests that the boy may have been chiefly educated by his father. His works from the period include the songs "Un grand sommeil noir" and "D'Anne jouant de l'espinette" to words by Paul Verlaine and Clément Marot,[17][n 6] and the piano pieces Menuet antique and Habanera (for four hands), the latter eventually incorporated into the Rapsodie espagnole. After leaving the conservatoire, Ravel found his own way as a composer, developing a style of great clarity and incorporating elements of modernism, baroque, neoclassicism and, in his later works, jazz. Ravel's brother Edouard accepted this advice; as Henson comments, the patient was in no state to express a considered view. My father, much better educated in this art than most amateurs are, knew how to develop my taste and to stimulate my enthusiasm at an early age. [15] Charles-René found that Ravel's conception of music was natural to him "and not, as in the case of so many others, the result of effort". [225] Ravel also worked at unusual speed on the Piano Trio (1914) to complete it before joining the French Army. 119–120, Nichols (1987), pp. Whatever sauce you put around the melody is a matter of taste. She and Ravel had planned the story as a ballet, but at the composer's suggestion Colette turned it into an opera libretto. La Banque mondiale a en effet accordé deux prêts relatifs, respectivement au financement du Programme d’Appui des politiques de développement pour la riposte à la pandémie de… [215] When writing for solo piano, Ravel rarely aimed at the intimate chamber effect characteristic of Debussy, but sought a Lisztian virtuosity. [17], The first of Ravel's two operas, the one-act comedy L'heure espagnole[n 18] was premiered in 1911. Joseph's family is described in some sources as French and in others as Swiss; Versoix is in present-day (2015) Switzerland, but as the historian Philippe Morant observes, the nationality of families from the area changed several times over the generations as borders were moved; Joseph held a French passport. [244] The British newspaper The Guardian reported in 2001 that no money from royalties had been forthcoming for the maintenance of the Ravel museum at Montfort-l'Amaury, which was in a poor state of repair. The musicologist Arbie Orenstein writes that for Ravel the 1890s were a period "of immense growth ... from adolescence to maturity". Henson notes that Ravel preserved most or all his auditory imagery and could still hear music in his head. [149] Audiences were enthusiastic and the critics were complimentary. [n 29] Wittgenstein was initially disappointed by the piece, but after long study he became fascinated by it and ranked it as a great work. [101] It had an unenthusiastic reception and was quickly withdrawn, although it was revived successfully a year later in Monte Carlo and London. [69] L'affaire Ravel became a national scandal, leading to the early retirement of Dubois and his replacement by Fauré, appointed by the government to carry out a radical reorganisation of the Conservatoire. [92], In 1912 Ravel had three ballets premiered. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. [72], By the latter part of the 1900s Ravel had established a pattern of writing works for piano and subsequently arranging them for full orchestra. He dedicated the three songs to people who might help him to enlist. Renowned for his abilities in orchestration, Ravel made some orchestral arrangements of other composers' piano music, of which his 1922 version of Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition is the best known. Google has many special features to help you find exactly what you're looking for. He never made clear his reason for refusing it. [24] Ravel won the first prize in the Conservatoire's piano competition in 1891, but otherwise he did not stand out as a student. Vaughan Williams recalled that Ravel helped him escape from "the heavy contrapuntal Teutonic manner ... Complexe mais pas compliqué was his motto. His writing for the brass ranges from softly muted to triple-forte outbursts at climactic points. [242], In his later years, Edouard Ravel declared his intention to leave the bulk of the composer's estate to the city of Paris for the endowment of a Nobel Prize in music, but evidently changed his mind. He also produced numerous book illustrations, often in woodcut, for works by authors such as François Rabelais, Antonin Artaud, and André Breton. Edwards was married to Ravel's friend Misia;[n 14] the couple took Ravel on a seven-week Rhine cruise on their yacht in June and July 1905, the first time he had travelled abroad. "[115] The league responded by banning Ravel's music from its concerts. The year in which the work was commissioned is generally thought to be 1909, although Ravel recalled it as being as early as 1907. The performers included Fauré, Florent Schmitt, Ernest Bloch, Pierre Monteux and, in the Debussy work, Ravel. [138] Ravel did not like the work (his opinion caused a cooling in Stravinsky's friendship with him)[139] but he was in sympathy with the fashion for "dépouillement" – the "stripping away" of pre-war extravagance to reveal the essentials. In 19th-century terms, Joseph had married beneath his status – Marie was illegitimate and barely literate – but the marriage was a happy one. In November 1889, playing music by Chopin, he passed the examination for admission to the preparatory piano class run by Eugène Anthiome. [190] Edward Burlingame Hill found Ravel's vocal writing particularly skilful in the work, "giving the singers something besides recitative without hampering the action", and "commenting orchestrally upon the dramatic situations and the sentiments of the actors without diverting attention from the stage". This appealed to Ravel, and after discussing the action in great detail with Fokine, Ravel began composing the music. [206] Occasionally, as in the Alborada del gracioso, critics have found the later orchestral version less persuasive than the sharp-edged piano original. [27] Ravel was expelled in 1895, having won no more prizes. [231], Ravel's interpretations of some of his piano works were captured on piano roll between 1914 and 1928, although some rolls supposedly played by him may have been made under his supervision by Robert Casadesus, a better pianist. Ravel, twelve years his junior, had known Debussy slightly since the 1890s, and their friendship, though never close, continued for more than ten years. [143] Arnold Schönberg's abandonment of conventional tonality also had echoes in some of Ravel's music such as the Chansons madécasses[n 25] (1926), which Ravel doubted he could have written without the example of Pierrot Lunaire. [239] He accepted foreign awards, including honorary membership of the Royal Philharmonic Society in 1921,[240] the Belgian Ordre de Léopold in 1926, and an honorary doctorate from the University of Oxford in 1928. ", "Maurice Ravel's Illness: A Tragedy of Lost Creativity", International Music Score Library Project, International Academy of Music from Saint-Jean-de-Luz: Académie internationale de Musique Maurice Ravel de Saint-Jean-de-Luz, Maurice Ravel's Friends Society: Les Amis de Maurice Ravel, Introduction and Allegro for harp, flute, clarinet, and string quartet, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Ravel&oldid=1013666969, Honorary Members of the Royal Philharmonic Society, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Articles with dead external links from March 2021, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles with International Music Score Library Project links, Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Léonore identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 22 March 2021, at 20:26. [180] As a result, there are few leading notes in his output. [232] Transfers of the rolls have been released on compact disc. Derain studied painting in Paris at the Académie Carriere from 1898 to 1899. [30] At around this time, Joseph Ravel introduced his son to Erik Satie, who was earning a living as a café pianist. [n 17] The new society's inaugural concert took place on 20 April 1910; the seven items on the programme included premieres of Fauré's song cycle La chanson d'Ève, Debussy's piano suite D'un cahier d'esquisses, Zoltán Kodály's Six pièces pour piano and the original piano duet version of Ravel's Ma mère l'Oye. [17] By 1906 Ravel was taking even further than Debussy the natural, sometimes colloquial, setting of the French language in Histoires naturelles. Ravel wrote to a friend, "I have to tell you that the last week has been insane: preparing a ballet libretto for the next Russian season. His 1923 ballet score Les noces is composed for voices and twenty-one instruments.

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