2010 Oct;63(10):857-66. RETINA, EYE, NOS) / OROPHARNYX / PHARYNX / SALIVARY GLAND / TONGUE / TRACHEA, Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) develops from the mucosal linings of the upper aerodigestive tract, comprising 1) the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, 2) the nasopharynx, 3) the hypopharynx, larynx, and trachea, and 4) the oral cavity and oropharynx. Pelucchi C, Talamini R, Levi F, Bosetti C, La Vecchia C, Negri E, Parpinel M, Franceschi S. Poeta ML, Manola J, Goldwasser MA, Forastiere A, Benoit N, Califano JA, Ridge JA, Goodwin J, Kenady D, Saunders J, Westra W, Sidransky D, Koch WM. 2). Spindle cell carcinoma metastasizes to the regional lymph nodes in up to 25% of cases, but distant dissemination is less common (5-15%). Am J Surg Pathol. La Vecchia C, Franceschi S, Favero A, Talamini R, Negri E. BMJ. The EGFR is a receptor tyrosine kinase belonging to the erbB family of cell surface receptors. Patients with PSCC tend to have a better prognosis compared to those with site- and stage-matched conventional SCC. The most common presenting features are ulceration, pain, referred pain to the ear, difficulty with speaking, opening the mouth or chewing, difficulty and pain with swallowing, bleeding, weight loss, and neck swelling (Fig. Cancer of the gingiva usually presents as an ulceroproliferative growth. There are more than 100 subtypes of HPV, some of which are involved in cervical carcinogenesis and have been designated as high-risk HPVs (e.g. Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier, Philadelphia. Increased survival of patients with HPV-positive SCC may be in part attributable to absence of dysplastic fields related to tobacco and alcohol exposure. Several more frequent fusion partners have been described, including SOX2 gene amplification was found in 27 percent of small-cell lung samples. Chung CH, Parker JS, Karaca G, Wu J, Funkhouser WK, Moore D, Butterfoss D, Xiang D, Zanation A, Yin X, Shockley WW, Weissler MC, Dressler LG, Shores CG, Yarbrough WG, Perou CM. Lewis JS Jr, Thorstad WL, Chernock RD, Haughey BH, Yip JH, Zhang Q, El-Mofty SK. Dysfunction of the receptor and its associated pathways occurs in 80-90% of HNSCCs (Kalyankrishna et al., 2006). The combination of low EGFR and high p16 expression has been shown to highly correlate with better clinical outcome compared with high EGFR expression and low HPV titer or high EGFR and low p16 expression (Kumar et al., 2008). By immunohistochemistry, most HPV-positive HNSCCs show p16 overexpression (Marur et al., 2010) (Fig. J Clin Oncol. It is poorly differentiated and cannot be further classified by immunohistochemistry (IHC) or electron microscopy. 2009 Apr 20;27(12):1992-8. Even though few activating mutations have been found, the mutant form EGFRvIII has been detected in 42% of HNSCCs (Sok et al., 2006). Bonner JA, Harari PM, Giralt J, Azarnia N, Shin DM, Cohen RB, Jones CU, Sur R, Raben D, Jassem J, Ove R, Kies MS, Baselga J, Youssoufian H, Amellal N, Rowinsky EK, Ang KK. Avoiding cigarettes and alcohol could prevent about 90% of HNSCCs, especially. Invasive carcinoma arises from squamous cell carcinoma in situ as part of the dysplasia-carcinoma sequence Especially in high risk areas, a lack of fruits and vegetables causing deficiencies of vitamins A, B6, C, riboflavin, thiamine, zinc and molybdenum are likely involved © Copyright PathologyOutlines.com, Inc. Click. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma and lymphoepithelial carcinoma are rare entities distinct from conventional squamous cell carcinomas. It is defined by a specific genetic mutation known as a fusion oncogene. Invasion may be difficult to define, especially in superficial biopsies. Most sinonasal LECs are associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection (Barnes et al., 2005). ... Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Vulva (CUK, Exp Mol Med 2018) 15 samples. The pseudolumina usually contain acantholytic and dyskeratotic cells, or cellular debris, but they may be empty. Acantholytic SCC must be differentiated from adenosquamous carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and mucoepidermoid carcinoma. 2006 Sep 1;12(17):5064-73. The tumor stains positive for vimentin and epithelial membrane antigen on immunohistochemistry. Bentzen SM, Atasoy BM, Daley FM, Dische S, Richman PI, Saunders MI, Trott KR, Wilson GD. Binding of the antibody to EGFR prevents activation of the receptor by endogenous ligands. Cancer of the hard palate often presents as a papillary or exophytic growth rather than a flat or ulcerated lesion. In another study, patients with HPV-positive oropharyngeal SCC had a 58% reduction in the risk of death (Ang et al., 2010). It is most frequent in sun-exposed areas of the head and neck. Mutations and amplifications of EGFR have been reported, albeit at relatively low frequencies. Oral cavity and oropharynx Most patients display at the time of diagnosis signs and symptoms of locally advanced disease. Epub 2009 Sep 2. SGc originates from sebaceous glands in the skin and, therefore, may originate anywhere in the body where these glands are found. These protocols are particularly effective for young patients with a good performance status presenting with moderately-advanced laryngeal or pharyngeal SCC. The gross appearance is of a broad-based, exophytic, warty, firm to hard, white mass. However, HPV-positive HNSCCs are associated with a more favorable clinical outcome regardless of treatment modalities, and this may be related to immune surveillance to viral antigens (Leemans et al., 2011). Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, Philadelphia. Which of the following statements is true regarding squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix? The two components occur in close proximity, but they tend to be distinct and separate, not intermingled as in mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Comedo-type necrosis is frequently seen (Fig. The standard of care for advanced tumors is surgery combined with adjuvant radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy. For comments and suggestions or contributions, please contact us, http://AtlasGeneticsOncology.org/Tumors/HeadNeckSCCID5078.html, Topo ( C30,C31,C03,C4,C04,C5,C05,C6,C06,C12,C13,C32,C00,C11,C69,C09,C10,C14,C07,C8,C08,C01,C2,C02,C33) arrayMap ((UZH-SIB Zurich), cBioPortal: Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (Broad, Science 2011), cBioPortal: Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (Johns Hopkins, Science 2011), cBioPortal: Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (TCGA, Provisional), cBioPortal: Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (TCGA, in revision), Head and Neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC) TCGA Copy Number Portal, Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma ( intOGen ), Head and Neck Carcinoma (TCGA)(OASIS Portal), Head and Neck Cancer Overview - Disease Synopsis [canSAR], Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma [ Genomic Data Commons - NCI TCGA-HNSC], Head and Neck: Squamous cell carcinoma: an overview, C301,C310-C313,C318-C319,C030-C031,C039-C041,C048-C052,C058-C062,C068-C069,C129-C132,C138-C139,C320-C323,C328-C329,C000-C006,C008-C009,C300,C110-C113,C118-C119,C690-C691,C693,C695-C698,C090-C091,C098-C104,C108-C109,C140,C142,C148,C079-C081,C088-C089,C019-C024,C028-C029,C339 ACCESSORY, SINUSES, MIDDLE & INNER EAR / GUM, FLOOR OF MOUTH, & OTHER MOUTH / HYPOPHARYNX / LARYNX / LIP / NASAL CAVITY (INCLUDING NASAL CARTILAGE) / NASOPHARYNX / ORBIT & LACRIMAL GLAND, (EXCL. CUSTOMER SERVICE: Change of address (except Japan): 14700 Citicorp Drive, Bldg. Once phosphorylated, it can signal through MAPK, Akt, ERK, and Jak/STAT pathways. (REVIEW). 2007 Dec 20;357(25):2552-61. SCC is graded into well-, moderately-, and poorly-differentiated. NPC harbors a highly malignant behavior with extensive loco-regional infiltration, early lymphatic spread, and hematogenous dissemination (Barnes et al., 2005). Most SCCs are moderately-differentiated (Barnes et al., 2005; Thompson, 2006). SCC of the floor of the mouth may arise as a red or ulcerated lesion or as a papillary growth. The separation of verrucous hyperplasia from verrucous carcinoma is often difficult, requiring clinical-pathological confrontation. CDKN2A (encoding p16) can be inactivated by mutation, homozygous deletion, or promoter hypermethylation (Barnes et al., 2005). Contributed by Jijgee Munkhdelger, M.D., Ph.D. and Andrey Bychkov, M.D., Ph.D. squamous cell carcinoma [title] cervix pathology Review[ptyp], Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012;21:1402, CDC: HPV Vaccine Schedule and Dosing [Accessed 21 September 2020], IJGO: Corrigendum to “Revised FIGO staging for carcinoma of the cervix uteri” [Accessed 21 September 2020], NCCN: NCCN Guidelines [Accessed 21 September 2020], Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2011;19:10, Kurman: WHO Classification of Tumours of the Female Reproductive Organs, 4th Edition, 2014, An invasive epithelial tumor composed of neoplastic cells with varying degrees of squamous differentiation, Nearly all cases are associated with high risk human papillomavirus (HPV) and arise from a precursor lesion, high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), Predominantly associated with HPV 16 and HPV 18 (HPV 16 > HPV 18), More common in low resource countries and women without adequate cytologic screening, Variable morphology with several histologic variants described, Fourth most common type of cancer (15.1 per 100,000) and cause of cancer mortality (8.2 per 100,000) among women worldwide in 2018 (, Most common type of cervical carcinoma (> 90% of cases), Significant disparities in incidence and mortality between low resource countries versus high resource countries (, Incidence varies from 100 per 100,000 in unscreened women to 1 - 5 per 100,000 in highly screened women, Approximately 75% decrease over the past 50 years in countries with cervical cancer screening programs (, Approximately 76% of recent cases occur in countries without screening programs, In high resource countries, more common in women who failed to receive screening or follow up (, Most cases arise at the squamous-columnar junction of the cervix, High prevalence of HPV infection among adolescents and young women, Persistent infection with high risk HPV subtypes is necessary but not sufficient for developing high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and squamous cell carcinoma. Most tumors are due to progression of a precursor lesion, Progression of HSIL is variable among women and may take decades, High risk HPV acts via E6 and E7 oncogenes (, E6 binds to tumor suppressor p53, causing its proteolytic degradation and inactivating p53 mediated DNA damage and apoptosis pathway, E7 binds to retinoblastoma gene (Rb), displacing transcription factors normally bound by Rb and inactivating Rb mediated cell cycle regulation pathway, Rb inactivation leads to overexpression of p16, a tumor suppressor gene involved in cell cycle regulation by inhibiting cyclin dependent kinases, p16 immunohistochemistry is used as a surrogate marker for high risk HPV infection, Usually spreads through cervical lymphatics to regional lymph nodes or via direct extension to vagina, uterus, parametrium, lower urinary tract, uterosacral ligaments; distant metastases may involve aortic and mediastinal lymph nodes, lungs, bones and adnexa, HPV vaccination of women 16 - 23 years of age offers durable protection for at least 12 years; the US Center for Disease Control (CDC) recommends HPV vaccination in 2 or 3 doses depending on age (, Two doses for children and adolescents of any gender ages 9 - 14 years, Three doses for adolescents and adults of any gender ages 15 - 26 years, Nearly all cases are associated with persistent infection by high risk HPV subtypes such as 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68 and others (, HPV 16 is the major causal agent for squamous cell carcinoma, in contrast to HPV 18 typically associated with endocervical adenocarcinoma, Younger age at first intercourse and higher lifetime number of sexual partners (, Single contact with infected partner may result in infection and risk plateaus with many contacts (, Immunodeficiency, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, transplantation and medications (, Multiparity and early age at first birth (, Chronic inflammation or concurrent sexually transmitted diseases, such as chlamydia, Abnormal cervical cytology in asymptomatic patients, Pain, urinary symptoms (ureteral obstruction leading to anuria or uremia, hematuria, frequency, vesicovaginal fistula), gastrointestinal symptoms (tenesmus, rectovaginal fistula), lymphedema in the lower extremities in advanced tumors, Histologic examination of biopsy or excisional material, Only tumors that are at least stage IB can be identified radiologically (, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the imaging modality of choice to assess the extent of primary tumor (, Mass lesion with a high signal relative to the low signal of the cervical stroma, Hypoechoic, heterogeneous mass, sometimes with increased vascularity on color Doppler, Adenopathy and metastatic disease is best assessed with computed tomography (CT), Positron emission tomography (PET) may also be used to rule out metastases (, Tumor stage, patient age, depth of invasion, disease volume, lymphovascular invasion (. However, locoregional recurrence develops in 30% to 40% of patients and distant metastases occur in 20% to 30% of HNSCCs (Forastiere et al., 2003). Overall 5 year disease free survival by tumor stage: Better prognosis for lymphoepithelial and verrucous variants, Worse prognosis with lower CD4+ cell counts in HIV seropositive patients (, 29 year old woman with cervical verrucous carcinoma (, 37 year old woman with cervical squamous cell carcinoma combined with adenoid basal carcinoma (, 47 year old pregnant woman with radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer (, 52 year old woman with cervical squamous cell carcinoma metastatic to the cerebellum presenting with pulmonary aspiration (, 55 year old woman with breast and splenic metastases of squamous cell carcinoma from the uterine cervix (, 64 year old woman with cervical squamous cell carcinoma metastatic to the orbital cavity (, Treatment follows the International Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology (FIGO) and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines for cervical cancer according to stage (, Conization or loop electrosurgical excision procedure for low stage (IA) tumors (, Radical trachelectomy or radical hysterectomy with sentinel lymph node mapping or pelvic lymph node dissection with or without radiotherapy for higher stage tumors (, Radiotherapy and platinum based chemotherapy or pelvic exenteration for advanced tumors (, Red, friable, indurated or ulcerated lesion or elevated granular area in early stage tumors, Exophytic, papillary, polypoid, nodular or ulcerated mass, Deeply invasive mass with infiltration into surrounding structures, Tumor cells infiltrating as irregular anastomosing nests or single cells within desmoplastic or inflammatory stroma, Stromal loosening, desmoplasia or increased epithelial cell cytoplasmic eosinophilia in tumors with superficial stromal invasion, Grading is based on nuclear pleomorphism, size of nucleoli, mitotic activity and necrosis and does not correlate with prognosis, Well differentiated: variably shaped and sized nests with abundant keratin pearls, large cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and well developed intercellular bridges, occasional mitoses, necrosis may be present, Moderately differentiated: round to irregular and variably sized nests, cords and sheets, focal keratinization, large to medium sized and relatively uniform cells with indistinct cell borders, readily identifiable mitoses, Poorly differentiated: small nests, cords and sheets and single cells, small cells with scant cytoplasm, hyperchromatic nuclei and brisk mitoses, absent or rare keratinization, Keratin pearls, abundant keratohyaline granules and intercellular bridges, Large, hyperchromatic nuclei with coarse chromatin and inconspicuous nucleoli, Intercellular bridges but not keratin pearls, Large nuclei with unevenly distributed, coarsely granular chromatin and one or multiple nucleoli, Thin or broad papillae with fibrovascular cores lined by multilayered epithelium with squamous differentiation resembling HSIL, Stromal invasion may not be seen in superficial biopsies, Well defined nests of immature basaloid cells (resembling the cells of HSIL) with peripheral palisading of pleomorphic, hyperchromatic nuclei, brisk mitoses and scant cytoplasm, Focal keratinization but no keratin pearls, Resembles basaloid squamous cell carcinomas at other sites usually exhibiting an aggressive behavior, Warty surface and low power architecture resembling a condyloma or bowenoid lesion of the vulva, Keratinization and koilocytic atypia may be seen, Very rare and poorly understood form of squamous cell carcinoma in the cervix, Exophytic growth with undulating, warty surface and hyper or parakeratotic and frond-like acanthotic squamous epithelium, Broad based pushing invasion with bulbous epithelial pegs, Abundant cytoplasm, minimal cytologic atypia and rare mitoses, Resembles squamotransitional carcinoma of the urinary bladder, Papillae with fibrovascular cores lined by multilayered epithelium with transitional differentiation resembling HSIL, May occur in a pure form or in association with squamous elements, Not related to transitional cell metaplasia, Resembles nasopharyngeal lymphoepithelial-like carcinoma, Poorly defined nests of undifferentiated, discohesive squamous cells with uniform, vesicular nuclei, conspicuous nucleoli and moderate amounts of cytoplasm in a background of abundant lymphocytes, Indistinct cell borders impart a syncytial-like appearance, No evidence of keratinization and lack of intercellular bridges, Associated with HPV, not Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Spindled cells with hyperchromatic nuclei, conspicuous nucleoli and brisk mitoses, May be admixed with more conventional epithelioid areas, Rare findings are focal mucinous differentiation, pseudoglandular pattern due to acantholysis, amyloid, signet ring cells, melanin granules, HSIL-like growth pattern (, Adequacy criteria: adequate if abnormal cells are seen irrespective of cellularity, Cellular specimens, usually with background tumor diathesis (fresh or hemolyzed blood and necrotic cellular debris), Tumor diathesis may not be seen in tumors with less than 5 mm depth of invasion or exophytic tumors (, Necrotic material at the periphery of cell groups (clinging diathesis) rather than in the background in liquid based preparations (, Large to medium sized nonkeratinized cells with high nuclear cytoplasmic ratio, Round nuclei with irregular contours, coarse, irregularly distributed chromatin and macronucleoli, Scant, dense basophilic cytoplasm without keratinization, Rare keratinized single cells may be seen, Dispersed cells and less prominent background diathesis, Markedly hyperchromatic nuclei with granular irregular chromatin and rare nucleoli, Irregularly shaped keratinized cells with orangeophilic cytoplasm, often with squamous pearls, Tadpole shaped cells with Herxheimer spirals and keratohyaline granules in cytoplasm, Compared to adenocarcinoma, cells and nuclei are more irregular with denser cytoplasm, greater chromatin granularity and nuclear hyperchromasia, Well developed intracytoplasmic tonofilaments, desmosome tonofilament complexes and intercellular microvilli in well differentiated tumors, lost with decreasing differentiation, Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in multiple loci (1q, 3p, 3q, 6p, 6q, 11q, 17p, 18q) (. Headaches and cranial nerve involvement indicate more advanced disease. Uterus with cervix, fallopian tubes and ovaries, radical hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy: Cervix: invasive squamous cell carcinoma (see synoptic report), Well / moderately / poorly differentiated, Lymphovascular space invasion: present / absent (if present, extent), Margins (ectocervical / endocervical / vaginal / deep / parametrial / radial): positive or negative (if negative, distance to carcinoma in mm), Papillary, tubulocystic and solid growth patterns, hobnail cells, no squamous differentiation, Deeply infiltrative nests of basaloid squamous cells with nuclear palisading and focal lumina, no desmoplastic stromal reaction, Cribriform, solid and tubular growth patterns, luminal epithelial cells and basal cells, basement membrane-like material, Nests, cords, trabeculae and rosettes of small cells with scant cytoplasm, hyperchromatic nuclei with molding and crush artifact, brisk mitoses, apoptotic debris, geographic necrosis, Malignant mesenchymal component with or without heterologous elements, Well circumscribed tumor with neoplastic cells arranged around vessels and areas of necrosis, no keratinization, Uniform cells lacking significant nuclear atypia, Well circumscribed nodules of bland intermediate trophoblast cells, no keratinization, no or rare mitotic activity, Well defined nests with smooth borders, preserved polarity of basal epithelial cells, no abrupt maturation at interface, no desmoplastic stromal reaction, Negative p63, p40, CK5/6, p16; positive CK18, napsin A, inhibin, HPL, Positive CK5/6, p16, inhibin; negative p63, p40, CK18, napsin A, HPL, Positive CK18, p16, p63, inhibin, HPL; negative napsin A, p40, CK5/6, Positive p63, p40, CK5/6, p16; negative CK18, napsin A, inhibin, HPL, HPV 16, history of HSIL, multiple sexual partners, multiparity, smoking, immunodeficiency, HPV 16, history of HSIL, multiple sexual partners, nulliparity, smoking, immunodeficiency, HPV 16, history of LSIL, multiple sexual partners, nulliparity, smoking, immunodeficiency, HPV 18, history of LSIL, single sexual partner, multiparity, smoking, immunodeficiency, Most cervical squamous cell carcinomas are associated with HPV 18, Nearly all cases of cervical squamous cell carcinoma are associated with high risk HPV and arise from a precursor lesion, HSIL, Poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas are associated with high risk HPV subtypes, while low risk HPV subtypes are more likely to cause well differentiated tumors, Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common type of cervical cancer following endocervical adenocarcinoma. NPC incidence is considerably higher in Chinese, Southeast Asians, North Africans, and native people from the Arctic region. Sheu JJ, Hua CH, Wan L, Lin YJ, Lai MT, Tseng HC, Jinawath N, Tsai MH, Chang NW, Lin CF, Lin CC, Hsieh LJ, Wang TL, Shih IeM, Tsai FJ. Prognosis is better not only for patients treated with radiation therapy or concomitant chemotherapy/radiation therapy but also for patients treated with surgery alone (Lassen et al., 2009; Fischer et al., 2010). Verrucous carcinoma Verrucous carcinoma (VC) is a non-metastasizing variant of well-differentiated SCC characterized by an exophytic, warty, slowly-growing tumor with pushing rather than infiltrative margins (Barnes et al., 2005). P16 immunohistochemistry could serve as a potential surrogate marker (Marur et al., 2010). HPV infection is an early, and probably initiating, oncogenic event in HNSCCs. Smoking habits that increase the risk of developing HNSCC are smoking black tobacco (compared to blond tobacco), smoking at a young age, long duration, high number of cigarettes per day, and deep smoke inhalation (Benhamou et al., 1992). There is proliferation of stratified squamous epithelium in broad processes with keratin cores and keratin-filled crypts which seem to burrow into bone tissue, but lack obvious cytological features of malignancy. Most HPV-induced HNSCCs are caused by one subtype, HPV-16. J Clin Oncol. There is abundant surface keratosis (church-spire keratosis) (Fig. Use of HPV vaccines against infection and therapeutic vaccines in the adjuvant setting for locoregional recurrence and distant disease should be assessed in this form of HNSCC. Stroma invasion consists of a single or multiple nests of tumor cells with dense lymphoplasmacytic inflammation at the tumor-stroma interface. Spindle cell carcinoma, also termed carcinosarcoma, pseudosarcoma, polypoid carcinoma, sarcomatoid carcinoma, and spindle cell variant of squamous cell carcinoma, is a rare type of malignant tumor that often grows as an exophytic polypoid lesion (see also Chapter 20). Erber R, Conradt C, Homann N, Enders C, Finckh M, Dietz A, Weidauer H, Bosch FX. Znaor A, Brennan P, Gajalakshmi V, Mathew A, Shanta V, Varghese C, Boffetta P. Nat Rev Cancer. Epub 2010 Jul 1. Increased sensitivity to chemotherapy and radiotherapy in HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer may be related to absence of exposure to tobacco and presence of functional p53 protein. 2002 May;2(5):342-50. The tumor is composed of SCC, but with foci of acantholysis in tumor nests, creating the appearance of glandular differentiation. About one third of patients presents with early-stage disease, whereas two thirds present with advanced cancer with lymph node metastases (Jemal et al., 2007). Lancet Oncol. HNSCCs are immunopositive for cytokeratin cocktails, AE1/AE3 and pancytokeratin. There is mounting molecular evidence that SPCC is a monoclonal epithelial neoplasm with a divergent (mesenchymal) differentiation, rather than a collision tumor. Differential diagnosis includes squamous papilloma, verrucous carcinoma, and exophytic SCC. 2010 Aug;11(8):781-9. Squamous carcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma is the name of a type of non-small cell lung cancer where the cells resemble the flat cells ... (such as immunohistochemistry), ... Poorly-differentiated carcinomas look very different from the cells from which they arose. (REVIEW). This is the one SCC variant in which immunohistochemistry may be of value. N Engl J Med. Lymphoepithelial carcinoma (LEC) may develop in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, the hypopharynx, larynx and trachea, and in the oral cavity and oropharynx. Approximately 20% of HNSCCs contain transcriptionally active HPV whereas 60% harbor a TP53 mutation. The most common oropharyngeal site of involvement is the base of the tongue. An overall survival benefit and an increased duration of locoregional control have been observed in advanced HNSCCs treated with a combination of radiation therapy and cetuximab, compared to radiation therapy alone (Bonner et al., 2006). Forastiere AA, Goepfert H, Maor M, Pajak TF, Weber R, Morrison W, Glisson B, Trotti A, Ridge JA, Chao C, Peters G, Lee DJ, Leaf A, Ensley J, Cooper J. N Engl J Med. This gene encodes a member of the WNT family that signals through both the canonical and non-canonical WNT pathways. The adenocarcinomatous component tends to occur in the deeper parts of the tumor. SPCC can also be confused with reactive or benign spindle cell proliferation (such as nodular fasciitis), inflammatory myofibroblastic sarcoma, low-grade myofibroblastic sarcoma, and myoepithelial carcinoma. Thirty-five to 55% of patients with advanced-stage HNSCC remain disease-free 3 years after standard treatment. The 2005 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of Head and Neck Tumors (Barnes et al., 2005) distinguishes different types of SCC: The most important risk factors for developing HNSCC are tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption, which have a synergistic effect. PCR-based detection of HPV E6 oncogene expression in frozen samples is generally regarded as the gold standard but in situ hybridization is also commonly used. Well-Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Select All; Papillary Thyroid Cancer Select All; Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma (TCGA, Cell 2014) 496 samples. Squamous Cell Carcinoma ... synovial sarcoma can also present with poorly differentiated or monophasic fibrous cell histology, consisting only of sheets of spindle cells ... and histology are shown in Figures A-C. Poorly differentiated (figures 7, 8) Grading of SCC depends on how easy it is to recognise the characteristics of squamous epithelium (eg. Epub 2009 Mar 10. There is a near constant association of NPC with EBV, suggesting an oncogenic role of the virus. 1992;113(4):285-8. Most cases are moderately to poorly-differentiated. 2006. 2007 Jan-Feb;57(1):43-66. Fischer CA, Zlobec I, Green E, Probst S, Storck C, Lugli A, Tornillo L, Wolfensberger M, Terracciano LM. It is an aggressive, rapidly growing tumor characterized by an advanced stage at the time of diagnosis (cervical lymph node metastases) and a poor prognosis. It usually exhibits a polypoid appearance with a mean size of 2 cm. Clinical features of HNSCC depend on the localization of the tumor. This functional inactivation of pRB also results in a reciprocal overexpression of p16 protein. Hama T, Yuza Y, Saito Y, O-uchi J, Kondo S, Okabe M, Yamada H, Kato T, Moriyama H, Kurihara S, Urashima M. Oncologist. Ang KK, Harris J, Wheeler R, Weber R, Rosenthal DI, Nguyen-Tan PF, Westra WH, Chung CH, Jordan RC, Lu C, Kim H, Axelrod R, Silverman CC, Redmond KP, Gillison ML. Organ-preservation protocols, with combined chemotherapy/radiation therapy and surgery for salvage, are increasingly performed. CCND1, which encodes cyclin D1, is amplified or gained in more than 80% of HPV-negative HNSCCs. The tumor cells are plump fusiform cells, although they can be rounded and epithelioid. (e.g., adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma), … Epub 2008 Mar 11. 2011 Jan;11(1):9-22. There are 500000 new cases a year worldwide. Contributed by Gulisa Turashvili, M.D., Ph.D. Epub 2008 Jul 31. It encompasses squamous cell carcinoma, non-keratinizing carcinoma (differentiated or undifferentiated), and basaloid squamous cell carcinoma. moderately (REVIEW). The spindle cell component usually forms the bulk of the tumor. In patients with oropharyngeal SCC treated with surgery, the 5-year survival rates for p16-negative and p16-positive patients were 26.8% and 57.1%, respectively (Lassen et al., 2009). HNSCC represents the sixth leading cancer by incidence and there are 500000 new cases a year worldwide (Kamangar et al., 2006). Papillary squamous cell carcinoma Papillary squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) is a distinct variant of SCC characterized by an exophytic, papillary growth, and a favorable prognosis. It can present as an exophytic or polypoid mass, or as poorly defined mucosal induration, frequently with ulceration. Aggressive surgery with neck dissection yields an approximately 55% 2-year survival rate (Barnes et al., 2005; Thompson, 2006).

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